Compromise is vital in coalition negotiations, as highlighted by political experts who emphasize its importance for democracy. Friedrich Merz asserts the necessity of forming a government in Germany post-elections, while discussions reveal the need for a culture that embraces both conflict and compromise. Political scientists note the distinction between campaign strategies and governance, advocating for mutual concessions. However, they warn that compromises should not come at the expense of marginalized groups, emphasizing that effective governance relies on recognizing the limits of compromise.
Compromise is essential in coalition negotiations, but what makes these agreements successful? Insights from research on the culture of compromise offer valuable guidance.
The process of forming a government may pose challenges, yet CDU chancellor candidate Friedrich Merz asserts that there is truly no viable alternative to establishing a sensible and prompt government in Germany, following the preliminary election results.
As former Chancellor Willy Brandt famously stated, ‘compromise is the essence of democracy.’ But what does it truly mean to compromise? Is there a scientifically grounded approach to achieving it?
Historically, the SPD and the Union have formed coalitions on four separate occasions in the Federal Republic’s timeline.
Embracing Compromise in Political Dialogue
Political scientist Ulrich Willems expresses optimism for swift outcomes in the forthcoming coalition talks, predicting that this coalition—unlike the previous traffic light government—will complete its legislative term. In the 3sat magazine program nano, he emphasizes the importance of fostering both a conflict culture and a compromise culture, stating, ‘This is vital for democracy.’
Konrad Adenauer, speaking in May 1949 after the final vote on the Basic Law, acknowledged that while every compromise has its flaws, it also carries a significant benefit: it compels individuals to collaborate and understand their political adversaries.
The CSU leader has made clear statements during the Union’s election campaign, maintaining a strong stance against a black-green coalition.
Compromises: A Solution for Social Conflicts
Effective compromises hinge on collaboration: ‘Successful compromises demand that all parties engage with each other’s concerns, actively listen, and make a concerted effort,’ explains Véronique Zanetti, a political philosophy professor at the University of Bielefeld, in an interview with SWR.
Zanetti defines compromise as ‘a method for resolving social conflicts.’ It serves as a ‘negotiation tool’ and becomes essential when parties cannot reach an agreement despite presenting their arguments.
During the election campaign, Merz targeted the SPD as a potential coalition partner, generating controversy even after the elections.
Election Campaign Dynamics versus Governance
According to political scientist Ulrich Willems, it is crucial to differentiate between the logic of election campaigning and that of governance: ‘[During the election campaign], the focus is on differentiation, establishing a clear identity, and drawing red lines. Governance, however, involves compromise, collective goal achievement, and crafting a government program,’ Willems elaborates.
This distinction may shed light on the challenges faced by the previous traffic light government. Willems suggests that the FDP, under pressure from failing to secure seats in several state parliaments, shifted from governance to a campaign mentality, engaging in oppositional politics while in government.
The FDP leader has called for a shift in economic and financial policy, now claiming that his intentions were misinterpreted.
Compromises Without Abandoning Personal Beliefs
Just prior to the federal election, former Chancellor Angela Merkel advocated for moderation. Following the disputes over the migration policy led by Union chancellor candidate Friedrich Merz, she cautioned that a foundation must be established where future compromises can occur.
Engaging in dialogue, listening, seeking solutions, and ultimately arriving at a compromise doesn’t necessitate abandoning one’s political beliefs, asserts Véronique Zanetti: ‘The essence of compromise is that all parties maintain their viewpoints. They still believe their claims are valid and legitimate.’
Former Chancellor Merkel urges democratic factions to pursue compromises following the migration policy debates.
The Art of Mutual Give-and-Take
Compromise involves making concessions. However, there isn’t a one-size-fits-all formula for this, as the philosophy professor explains: ‘Concessions must come from all sides, though not necessarily in equal measure. It’s often said that you should ‘meet in the middle,’ but that isn’t always necessary. Sometimes, making greater concessions is beneficial, but it is essential that everyone concedes something.’
As former Chancellor Ludwig Erhard once remarked, ‘A compromise is the art of dividing a cake so that everyone believes they received the largest piece.’ In today’s complex German political landscape, the ability to forge compromises is becoming increasingly crucial, especially with the rise of right-wing politics.
Research indicates that compromises often benefit all involved parties, with Zanetti noting: ‘The advantage of compromise is that every party feels included and their concerns are acknowledged. While compromises may entail sacrifices—where you don’t fully achieve what you desire—at least you won’t be overlooked.’
Voters may need to recognize that politics isn’t merely about fulfilling every wish, according to Ulrich Willems. However, he does not view the potential for compromises to disappoint voters or lead to future electoral losses as a significant risk. After all, we all experience the necessity of compromise in our everyday lives.
Habeck’s Greens adopted a centrist approach during the election campaign—was this the wrong strategy in today’s polarized environment?
Recognizing the Limits of Compromise
There are, however, domains where compromise is futile, according to Véronique Zanetti: ‘In scientific discourse, there’s no value in compromising. If an opinion is backed by scientific evidence, one wouldn’t simply say, ‘Let’s agree to disagree.’ Politics must find ways to accommodate diverse concerns.’
Currently, there is a growing trend toward politicized discussions that prioritize securing political majorities, often at the cost of marginalized groups. Zanetti observes, ‘A compromise becomes problematic when it disproportionately burdens third parties who are already at a disadvantage.’
CDU leader Merz seeks dialog with the SPD, aiming for a swift resolution in government formation.
The Post-Election Landscape: Compromise as a Democratic Imperative
With the election behind us, the focus now shifts to parliamentary duties. Perhaps some politicians will reflect on former Chancellor Helmut Schmidt’s words: Those who cannot compromise have no place in a democracy.
Looking ahead, the professor of political philosophy emphasizes the ongoing need for effective compromise in governance.