Luxembourg is opposing Germany’s border controls, implemented to address irregular migration. These measures threaten cross-border commuting and economic ties, as many Luxembourgers rely on daily workers from France, Germany, and Belgium. Luxembourg may escalate the issue with the EU and potentially take Germany to the European Court of Justice. The broader implications challenge the Schengen Agreement, with other nations also expressing concerns about increasing border restrictions amid rising right-wing sentiments across Europe.
Luxembourg’s Stand Against Germany’s Border Controls
Luxembourg, the second smallest nation in the European Union, is taking a firm stance against Germany, the largest member state. Since September 2024, Germany has implemented border controls at all its borders with neighboring countries, citing irregular migration as the primary concern. Although these controls are officially scheduled to continue until mid-March, Chancellor candidate Friedrich Merz is advocating for their permanent establishment.
The Luxembourg government has expressed strong discontent regarding these measures. Interior Minister Léon Gloden emphasized the importance of preventing a mindset where borders are perceived as barriers among people.
Impact on Cross-Border Commuters and Economic Relations
The border controls are not just a political issue; they directly impact Luxembourg’s economy. The nation is a significant hub for cross-border commuters, with over 220,000 individuals traveling daily to work in various sectors, including gastronomy and corporate services. Approximately half of these commuters hail from France, while a quarter each comes from Germany and Belgium. Gloden argues that it is crucial to avoid unnecessary disruptions to this flow of cross-border traffic. Should Germany extend the controls beyond March, Luxembourg plans to escalate the matter by filing a complaint with the EU Commission.
In diplomatic discussions, there are hints that Luxembourg might consider taking Germany to the European Court of Justice (ECJ), although this has not been officially confirmed. Other nations, including Poland, also share discontent over Germany’s actions, viewing them as a significant infringement on the Schengen Agreement. Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk has referred to these controls as a large-scale suspension of the Schengen principles, which many consider unacceptable.
Moreover, Poland’s economy could face challenges due to these border controls, as they threaten to disrupt the flow of goods and affect the over 90,000 Poles who commute to Germany for work. The increasing interconnectedness of Europe is at risk, and stringent border controls hinder this integration.
While Switzerland has expressed skepticism regarding the effectiveness of border controls, it has remained relatively silent on the matter. Similarly, the Czech Republic has shown dissatisfaction but avoids escalating tensions with Germany. During a recent meeting in Warsaw among EU interior and justice ministers, Swiss Federal Councilor Beat Jans discussed the situation with Gloden.
Despite the quiet protests from various nations, around ten countries within the Schengen area, including Germany, Denmark, Sweden, and Italy, have initiated their own border controls. Most cite security risks associated with irregular migration, while Denmark and Norway also highlight concerns about potential Russian sabotage and espionage.
As the Schengen region marks a significant anniversary, it is crucial to remember that member countries are generally allowed to impose internal border controls only under strict conditions. These measures should be temporary, and the EU Commission views them as a last resort in emergencies.
The rise of right-wing parties and the apprehension of centrist politicians regarding voter support have led to a broader interpretation of what constitutes necessary action against migration in several countries. In contrast, Luxembourg maintains a different viewpoint, given its strong economic ties with neighboring states and its commitment to being a custodian of the Schengen Agreement. The agreement, aimed at facilitating the European internal market, originated in the town of Schengen in Luxembourg back in 1985, marking an upcoming anniversary worth remembering.
For Luxembourg, adhering to the treaty holds “absolute priority,” according to Gloden, who also advocates for better control of the external borders among Schengen states. All member countries share the ultimate goal of eliminating internal controls. However, Merz appears to be advocating for an exception to this principle.