It was 30 years ago that you decided to make this film with Anselm Kiefer. How did you meet each-other ?
At the start, Anselm entered the restaurant where I used to eat in Berlin. He sat at my table because there was no other place. We started talking and found that we knew each other. I had seen some of his exhibitions and he saw some of my films. We were the last people to leave the restaurant when he asked me, “What are you doing tomorrow?” » I told him I was still there after my editing days. So we ate together for three weeks and really got to know each other. Anselm realized that I had always wanted to be a painter, but that cinema had taken me towards another trajectory. And I realized that Anselm had just made a film and was also considering acting. It brought us closer together and we shook hands and promised to do something together. Luckily it took 30 years because I don’t know if I could have made this film in the 1990s.
Because you didn’t have access to the same quality of 3D filming or for other reasons?
I think I wouldn’t have had the same freedom that I have now in the documentary form. At the time, I could only have made a much more conventional documentary.
Vous avez alterné entre le documentaire et la fiction depuis les années 1980. Quel est votre rapport à ces deux types de cinéma ?
Étrangement, mes premiers films racontaient des histoires fictives, mais ils comptaient beaucoup d’éléments documentaires, car ils étaient très axés sur la réalité. En revanche, plusieurs de mes documentaires ont incorporé de la fiction. Buena Vista Social Club, par exemple, est un conte de fées. C’est un documentaire musical, mais avec des éléments incroyables, dignes d’une fiction. Pour moi, le documentaire est une façon de raconter la réalité avec beaucoup de liberté. Les formes narratives de la fiction sont inspirées de plus en plus par des formules. J’aime travailler sans sentir que quelqu’un regarde par-dessus mon épaule. J’aime raconter une histoire en ne sachant pas exactement comment elle se termine. Si je sais déjà comment elle se termine, pourquoi la tourner ? La plupart de mes films, en particulier ceux qui ont eu du succès comme Paris, Texas ou Les ailes du désir, n’avaient pas de scénario final. J’ai développé mes récits de fiction au fur et à mesure, mais ça devient de plus en plus difficile. Alors que personne ne s’attend à ce que je lui donne un scénario complet lorsque je tourne un documentaire. Et certainement pas Anselm.
Anselm Kiefer s’est fait connaître par des photographies subversives qu’il a prises à la fin des années 1960 de lui, déguisé en soldat de la Wehrmacht, faisant le salut nazi dans différents pays. Est-ce à ce moment-là que vous avez entendu parler de lui ?
Je ne connaissais pas cette facette de son travail à l’époque. Je tournais mes tout premiers courts métrages. Le salut hitlérien qu’il faisait dans toute l’Europe était très controversé. Dans le monde de l’art, beaucoup de gens ne le comprenaient pas. On ne faisait pas ce genre de manifestation artistique. Joseph Beuys, son professeur, a été le premier à le faire. Porter l’uniforme de son oncle nazi partout en Europe et faire ce salut hitlérien signifiait pour la plupart des gens et des critiques dans les journaux qu’Anselm était un néonazi. Ils ne pouvaient pas l’expliquer autrement. Alors bien sûr, il a été vivement critiqué et a souffert gravement de ce malentendu. Il combattait et luttait contre l’oubli. Il disait aux gens : « Ce que je fais ici innocemment, vous l’avez fait il y a 25 ans. Et maintenant vous prétendez tous que vous n’avez jamais rien eu à voir avec le nazisme ! »
Il devait être conscient des dangers liés à un art aussi subversif, je suppose…
C’était dangereux et ses propres professeurs, parce qu’il venait de quitter l’école des beaux-arts, ont refusé de lui donner son diplôme. Il l’a eu grâce à Joseph Beuys, qui a dit à ses collègues qu’ils ne comprenaient pas, qu’Anselm n’était certainement pas un néonazi et que ce qu’il faisait était important. Il a fallu beaucoup de temps pour que les gens en général comprennent cette mission qu’il s’était donnée en exploration du passé allemand. Dans notre jeunesse, parce que nous sommes nés tous les deux la même année [en 1945], we took it for granted that we lived in a country without a past, which no longer existed. A country that had decided that it could only have a future by eliminating the past or forgetting it. This trauma that we both experienced, unconsciously and then consciously, I think Anselm faced it, whereas my way of dealing with it was to avoid it. I just wanted to leave. I didn’t want to know anything about this country for a long time.
The subtitle of the film in French, “the noise of time”, is very poetic and intriguing. Does it evoke for you the relationship of Kiefer’s work to time?
I don’t know of any other artist who is able to integrate time and make it visible in their painting. In films, time can become visible because each shot is a small brick of time. During editing, we create a whole construction of time. On stage in the theater you can create time, the same as in literature. But in painting, it is not obvious that time will be visible. Anselm found unique ways to incorporate these moments into his paintings. I was always curious to know how he achieved this and it was only by observing him, discovering his working process more intimately, that I realized that he exposed his paintings to time. Sometimes even risking destroying them, by setting them on fire or pouring lead or acid on them. Everything he does to his paintings to let time appear.
Two of your films were selected at the last Cannes Film Festival, this one and Perfect Days [tourné à Tokyo et candidat du Japon aux Oscars]. Is this an ideal year for you when you present both a feature-length fiction film and a documentary? That kind of sums up all your work.
That sums it up in a great way, but that wasn’t my intention. Anselm took three years to film, during the pandemic. Perfect Days [qui doit prendre l’affiche le 16 février au Québec] was made in just sixteen days of filming and three months of editing. They were ready at the same time, but they are two beasts at odds with each other. One was spontaneous, a fiction, and the other was carefully considered and considered, which turned out to be a documentary. It should have been the opposite when you think about it!
Anselm (The sound of time), in theaters December 22
Who is Wim Wenders?
- Wim Wenders was born in August 1945 in Germany.
- Palme d’Or in 1984 for Paris, Texas and Best Director Award in 1987 for Wings of desirehe stood out at the start of his career thanks to road movies atypical (The goalkeeper’s anxiety at the time of the penalty, Alice in the Cities, The American friend).
- The state of things won him the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival in 1982.
- He has since alternated between fiction and documentary: Buena Vista Social Club, Pina And The salt of the earth were all Oscar finalists.