how can we explain this movement which is gaining momentum and reaching France?

Blockages were organized in several departments this week, after mobilizations in Germany, the Netherlands, Romania and Poland. But the causes of this anger are disparate.

After Germany, France. Several hundred farmers blocked roads around Toulouse (Haute-Garonne) on Thursday, January 18, to warn of their difficulties and demand financial support from the government. Around ten of them spent the night on the A64, where traffic remained interrupted on Friday morning. Proof that the mobilization in Occitania is not weakening: hundreds of tractors and trucks had already demonstrated in the “pink city” on Tuesday. The exasperation of farmers does not only affect this region. In the Loire, Mayenne and Loire-Atlantique, milk producers gathered in front of Lactalis sites on Thursday to denounce the purchase prices offered by the group.

French farmers are not the only ones to be shaken by extreme weather events, the surge in their production costs and the commercial consequences of the war in Ukraine. Thousands of farmers blocked Berlin (Germany) on Monday to protest against the gradual end of a tax advantage on agricultural diesel, after weeks of demonstrations across the country. Images of the avenues of the German capital invaded by tractors have gone around the world. On Tuesday, Romanian farmers resumed their own mobilization against the cost of fuel, the price of insurance and environmental standards, reports the agency Reuters . At the beginning of January, Polish farmers blocked grain imports at a border crossing with Ukraine.

EU rules and environmental standards as scarecrows

If the precise motivations vary depending on the country, some see in this series of demonstrations the expression of a “exasperation” of European farmers, in the words of Christiane Lambert, now president of the Committee of Professional Agricultural Organizations of the European Union, to AFP. “There is regulatory overheating, the European Commission wants to pass texts in force before the next European elections”denounces the former boss of the FNSEA, the main French agricultural union. “Not all European farmers have the same problems, but they have in common that they are largely dependent on the European Union for subsidies, which, in turn, means they have to comply with EU standards and conditions. EU”observes with franceinfo Kai Arzheimer, professor of political science at the University of Mainz (Germany).

The most spectacular expression of this trend is certainly the breakthrough of the Citizen Farmer Movement (BBB) ​​during the Dutch local elections in March 2023. This populist agrarian party then won almost 32% of the vote, unheard of. The farmers’ anger was part of a government plan aimed at reducing exploitable areas and banning the use of nitrogen for crops, in the name of environmental protection. “This plan pushed part of the rural population to mobilize, beyond farmers, because they had the impression that their way of life was threatened”, notes Kai Arzheimer. A prospect that worries European leaders.

A well-organized environment with numerous political relays

In France, Emmanuel Macron asked the government to be attentive to the demands of farmers, seeing in their movement an echo of that of the “yellow vests”, according to Politico. The head of state seems to have heard the message from certain agricultural organizations. Tuesday, during his press conference at the Elysée, he pointed out “too many useless standards which discourage entrepreneurs, industrialists, traders, farmers, craftsmen, mayors, those who do”promising simplification.

This attention from those in power is partly explained by the good image that farmers enjoy. At the end of 2023, an Ifop survey observed that 85% of French people questioned thought that the profession “played a major role in diet”and 56% asked the State to provide greater financial support. “People have a positive image of farmers across Europe, because we all want to eat wellagrees German political scientist Kai Arzheimer.

“Farmers and their work are an integral part of national identity, they are seen as essential to feeding our countries.”

Kai Arzheimer, professor of political science at the University of Mainz

at franceinfo

Farmers, although they represented only 1.5% of the active population in France in 2019 according to INSEE, are also particularly well structured around large professional organizations. And know how to use manifestation as a mode of action “to obtain concessions from governments”recalls Kai Arzheimer. “A bit like doctors, farmers are a small, extremely well-organized group that has important political contacts. This is the case in Germany, particularly with center-right parties”explains the specialist.

The conservatives of the European People’s Party (EPP), the group most represented in the European Parliament, have thus established themselves as defenders of farmers in recent months, reports Politico. The EPP recently attacked several measures of the European Green Deal, including the nature restoration law, which aims to protect certain ecosystems or return them to their natural state. This political reversal could call into question the EU’s climate objectives, which aim for carbon neutrality by 2050.

The specter of a recovery by the far right

Beyond the anger of farmers, it is its recovery by the far right which worries certain governments. In Germany, on Saturday, Chancellor Olaf Scholz warned against manipulation of “extremists” Who “despise any compromise and poison any democratic debate”. The far-right AFD party, at the highest in the polls, is trying to capitalize on the demonstrations across the Rhine by transforming them into a global movement against the center-left government, underlines The Guardian .

A situation which pushed the German Farmers’ Association, the main union in the sector, to distance itself. “We do not want right-wing and radical groups who want to overthrow the government during our demonstrations. (…) We are democrats”its president, Joachim Rukwied, was indignant on Sunday to the newspaper Bild, cited by Deutsche Welle. Will the message be heard? “I do not believe in a revolt led by the AFDpredicts Kai Arzheimer. Most likely, farmers will work with the government to get what they want.”