Croatia has adopted the euro and joined the Schengen area of free movement, two major steps for this small Balkan country which joined the European Union nearly a decade ago.
At midnight (2300 GMT) on Saturday, Croatia said goodbye to its currency, the kuna, to become the twentieth member of the euro zone.
At the same time, it becomes the 27th state to have joined the Schengen area, a vast area within which more than 400 million people can travel freely, without internal border controls.
Local newspapers hailed the two events on Saturday, with the daily Vecernji List calling them a “crowning achievement of EU membership” for Croatia, where European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen is expected for the occasion on Sunday. .
This country, which has been in the European Union since July 2013, declared its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991 and the conflict that followed (1991-1995) claimed some 20,000 lives.
“Strategic targets”
Croatian leaders regularly stress the benefits that they believe their 3.9 million compatriots will derive from joining the euro zone and the Schengen area.
“Two strategic objectives for further integration into the EU,” Conservative Prime Minister Andrej Plenkovic insisted on Wednesday.
Experts say switching to the euro will help protect the Croatian economy, one of the weakest in the EU, in a world plagued by soaring inflation, a severe energy crisis and geopolitical insecurity since the start of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on February 24.
In November, inflation reached 13.5% in Croatia, against 10% in the euro zone.
Eastern European countries that are members of the EU but have not opted for the euro, such as Poland and Hungary, proved to be even more vulnerable to the surge in prices.
For the governor of the Croatian central bank (National Bank of Croatia, HNB), Boris Vujcic, the abandonment of the kuna, which had been put into circulation in 1994, is the “only reasonable policy”.
“The euro certainly brings economic stability and security,” Ana Sabic, an HNB official, told AFP.
All segments of society — individuals, companies and the state — will benefit from adopting the euro, she insisted.
Experts cite in particular the elimination of exchange risks and better conditions for borrowing.
“Elite Club”
The Croats, for their part, have mixed feelings: if they generally welcome the end of border controls, the change of currency inspires mistrust.
In recent days, customers have lined up in front of banks and ATMs to withdraw money, fearing payment problems in the aftermath of the transition period.
After midnight, the governor of the central bank in this regard symbolically withdrew euros from one of these ATMs in the center of Zagreb.
Many are also concerned that the introduction of the euro will lead to higher prices – in particular that companies will round them up when converting.
“We will cry our kuna, the prices will explode,” laments in the capital Drazen Golemac, a 63-year-old pensioner. His wife Sandra, however, wants to be optimistic and says she is sure that “the euro has more value”.
For Marko Pavic, an employee of a tourist agency, “Croatia joins an elite club”. But “the euro was already a measure of value, psychologically there is nothing new,” he says.
“Nothing changes on January 1, everything has been calculated in euros for two decades anyway,” also observes Neven Banic, another employee.
The euro is also already very present in Croatia. About 80% of bank deposits are denominated in this currency, its main partners are in the euro zone and tourism, which constitutes 20% of its GDP, is supplied by a large European clientele.
boost to tourism
Croatia has welcomed four times more tourists this year than it has inhabitants and the entry into the Schengen zone will give a boost to this sector.
Long queues at its borders with its EU neighbors Slovenia and Hungary will be a thing of the past.
On Sunday, 73 border posts will close. In airports, the change will take place on March 26, for technical reasons.
At the same time, the situation at Croatia’s borders with its non-EU neighbors — Bosnia, Montenegro and Serbia — will hardly change: it already applies the rules of the Schengen area there.
On the other hand, the repression of illegal immigration remains a major challenge. Since joining the EU, Croatia has inherited the heavy task of protecting an external land border over 1,350 km long, most of which is shared with Bosnia.
It is on the so-called Western Balkan route used by migrants, but also by traffickers of arms, drugs and human beings.
After the ebb in clandestine crossings linked to the health crisis, Croatia registered 30,000 illegal migrants in the first ten months of 2022, an increase of 150% compared to the same period of the previous year.